[PATCH v2 bpf-next 1/4] bpf: unprivileged BPF access via /dev/bpf

[Andy Lutomirski]

On Tue, Aug 13, 2019 at 2:58 PM Alexei Starovoitov
<alexei.starovoitov at gmail.com> wrote:
>
> On Tue, Aug 06, 2019 at 10:24:25PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote:
> > >
> > > Inside containers and inside nested containers we need to start processes
> > > that will use bpf. All of the processes are trusted.
> >
> > Trusted by whom?  In a non-nested container, the container manager
> > *might* be trusted by the outside world.  In a *nested* container,
> > unless the inner container management is controlled from outside the
> > outer container, it's not trusted.  I don't know much about how
> > Facebook's containers work, but the LXC/LXD/Podman world is moving
> > very strongly toward user namespaces and maximally-untrusted
> > containers, and I think bpf() should work in that context.
>
> agree that containers (namespaces) reduce amount of trust necessary
> for apps to run, but the end goal is not security though.
> Linux has become a single user system.
> If user can ssh into the host they can become root.
> If arbitrary code can run on the host it will be break out of any sandbox.

I would argue that this is a reasonable assumption to make if you're
designing a system using Linux, but it's not a valid assumption to
make as kernel developers.  Otherwise we should just give everyone
CAP_SYS_ADMIN and call it a day.  There really is a difference between
root and non-root.

> Containers are not providing the level of security that is enough
> to run arbitrary code. VMs can do it better, but cpu bugs don't make it easy.
> Containers are used to make production systems safer.
> Some people call it more 'secure', but it's clearly not secure for
> arbitrary code and that is what kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled allows.
> When we say 'unprivileged bpf' we really mean arbitrary malicious bpf program.
> It's been a constant source of pain. The constant blinding, randomization,
> verifier speculative analysis, all spectre v1, v2, v4 mitigations
> are simply not worth it. It's a lot of complex kernel code without users.

Seccomp really will want eBPF some day, and it should work without
privilege.  Maybe it should be a restricted subset of eBPF, and
Spectre will always be an issue until dramatically better hardware
shows up, but I think people will want the ability for regular
programs to load eBPF seccomp programs.

> Hence I prefer this /dev/bpf mechanism to be as simple a possible.
> The applications that will use it are going to be just as trusted as systemd.

I still don't understand your systemd example.  systemd --users is not
trusted systemwide in any respect.  The main PID 1 systemd is root.
No matter how you dice it, granting a user systemd instance extra bpf
access is tantamount to granting the user extra bpf access in general.

It sounds to me like you're thinking of eBPF as a feature a bit like
unprivileged user namespaces: *in principle*, it's supposed to be safe
to give any unprivileged process the ability to use it, and you
consider security flaws in it to be bugs worth fixing.  But you think
it's a large attack surface and that most unprivileged programs
shouldn't be allowed to use it.  Is that reasonable?


>
> > > To solve your concern of bypassing all capable checks...
> > > How about we do /dev/bpf/full_verifier first?
> > > It will replace capable() checks in the verifier only.
> >
> > I'm not convinced that "in the verifier" is the right distinction.
> > Telling administrators that some setting lets certain users bypass
> > bpf() verifier checks doesn't have a clear enough meaning.
>
> linux is a single user system. there are no administrators any more.
> No doubt, folks will disagree, but that game is over.
> At least on bpf side it's done.
>
> > I propose,
> > instead, that the current capable() checks be divided into three
> > categories:
>
> I don't see a use case for these categories.
> All bpf programs extend the kernel in some way.
> The kernel vs user is one category.
> Conceptually CAP_BPF is enough. It would be similar to CAP_NET_ADMIN.
> When application has CAP_NET_ADMIN it covers all of networking knobs.
> There is no use case that would warrant fine grain CAP_ROUTE_ADMIN,
> CAP_ETHTOOL_ADMIN, CAP_ETH0_ADMIN, etc.
> Similarly CAP_BPF as the only knob is enough.
> The only disadvantage of CAP_BPF is that it's not possible to
> pass it from one systemd-like daemon to another systemd-like daemon.
> Hence /dev/bpf idea and passing file descriptor.
>
> > This type of thing actually fits quite nicely into an idea I've been
> > thinking about for a while called "implicit rights". In very brief
> > summary, there would be objects called /dev/rights/xyz, where xyz is
> > the same of a "right".  If there is a readable object of the right
> > type at the literal path "/dev/rights/xyz", then you have right xyz.
> > There's a bit more flexibility on top of this.  BPF could use
> > /dev/rights/bpf/maptypes/lpm and
> > /dev/rights/bpf/verifier/bounded_loops, for example.  Other non-BPF
> > use cases include a biggie:
> > /dev/rights/namespace/create_unprivileged_userns.
> > /dev/rights/bind_port/80 would be nice, too.
>
> The concept of "implicit rights" is very nice and I'm sure it will
> be a good fit somewhere, but I don't see why use it in bpf space.
> There is no use case for fine grain partition of bpf features.
>