[PATCH 0/3] BPF signature verification

[KP Singh]

On Fri, May 30, 2025 at 11:19 PM Blaise Boscaccy
<bboscaccy at linux.microsoft.com> wrote:
>
> KP Singh <kpsingh at kernel.org> writes:
>

[...]

> >
>
> And that isn't at odds with the kernel being able to do it nor is it
> with what I posted.
>
> > If your build environment that signs the BPF program is compromised
> > and can inject arbitrary code, then signing does not help.  Can you
> > explain what a supply chain attack would look like here?
> >
>
> Most people here can read C code. The number of people that can read
> ebpf assembly metaprogramming code is much smaller. Compromising clang
> is one thing, compromising libbpf is another. Your proposal increases
> the attack surface with no observable benefit. If I was going to leave a
> hard-to-find backdoor into ring0, gen.c would be a fun place to explore
> doing it. Module and UEFI signature verification code doesn't live
> inside of GCC or Clang as set of meta-instructions that get emitted, and
> there are very good reasons for that.
>
> Further, since the signature verification code is unique for each and
> every program it needs to be verified/proved/tested for each and every
> program. Additionally, since all these checks are being forced outside
> of the kernel proper, with the insistence of keeping the LSM layer in
> the dark of the ultimate result, the only way to test that a program
> will fail if the map is corrupted is to physically corrupt each and
> every program and test that individually. That isn't "elegant" nor "user
> friendly" in any way, shape or form.
>
> >> subsystem.  Additionally, it is impossible to verify the code
> >> performing the signature verification, as it is uniquely regenerated
> >
> > The LSM needs to ensure that it allows trusted LOADER programs i.e.
> > with signatures and potentially trusted signed user-space binaries
> > with unsigned or delegated signing (this will be needed for Cilium and
> > bpftrace that dynamically generate BPF programs), that's a more
> > important aspect of the LSM policy from a BPF perspective.
> >
>
> I would like to be able to sign my programs please and have the kernel
> verify it was done correctly. Why are you insisting that I *don't* do
> that?  I'm yet to see any technical objection to doing that. Do you have
> one that you'd like to share at this point?

The kernel allows a trusted loader that's signed with your private
key, that runs in the kernel context to delegate the verification.
This pattern of a trusted / delegated loader is going to be required
for many of the BPF use-cases that are out there (Cilium, bpftrace)
that dynamically generate eBPF programs.

The technical objection is that:

* It does not align with most BPF use-cases out there as most
use-cases need a trusted loader.
* Locks us into a UAPI, whereas a signed LOADER allows us to
incrementally build signing for all use-cases without compromising the
security properties.

BPF's philosophy is that of flexibility and not locking the users into
a rigid in-kernel implementation and UAPI.

- KP

>
> > MAP_EXCLUSIVE is missing and is required which prevents maps from
> > being accessed by other programs as explained in the proposal.
> >
> > Please hold off on further iterations, I am working on a series and
> > will share these patches based on the design that was proposed.
> >
>
> So the premise here seems to be that people should only be allowed to
> sign trusted loaders, and that trusted loaders must additionally be
> authored by you, correct?
>
> When can we expect to see your patchset posted?
>
> >>
> >> for every program.
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> 2. Timing of Signature Check
> >>
> >> This patchset moves the signature check to a point before
> >> security_bpf_prog_load is invoked, due to an unresolved discussion
> >> here:
> >
> > This is fine and what I had in mind, signature verification does not
> > need to happen in the verifier and the existing hooks are good enough.
> > I did not reply to Paul's comment since this is a fairly trivial
> > detail and would be obvious in the implementation that the verifier is
> > not the right place to check the signature anyways as the instruction
> > buffer is only stable pre-verification.
> >
> >> https://lore.kernel.org/linux-security-module/CAHC9VhTj3=ZXgrYMNA+G64zsOyZO+78uDs1g=kh91=GR5KypYg@mail.gmail.com/
> >> This change allows the LSM subsystem to be informed of the signature
> >> verification result—if it occurred—and the method used, all without
> >> introducing a new hook. It improves visibility and auditability,
> >> reducing the “trust me, friend” aspect of the original design.
> >
> >
> > On Wed, May 28, 2025 at 11:50 PM Blaise Boscaccy
> > <bboscaccy at linux.microsoft.com> wrote:
> >>
> >> As suggested or mandated by KP Singh
> >> https://lore.kernel.org/linux-security-module/CACYkzJ6VQUExfyt0=-FmXz46GHJh3d=FXh5j4KfexcEFbHV-vg@mail.gmail.com/,
> >> this patchset proposes and implements an alternative hash-chain
> >> algorithm for signature verification of BPF programs.
> >>
> >> This design diverges in two key ways:
> >>
> >> 1. Signature Strategy
> >>
> >> Two different signature strategies are
> >> implemented. One verifies only the signature of the loader program in
> >> the kernel, as described in the link above. The other verifies the
> >> program’s maps in-kernel via a hash chain.  The original design
> >> required loader programs to be “self-aborting” and embedded the
> >> terminal hash verification logic as metaprogramming code generation
> >> routines inside libbpf. While this patchset supports that scheme, it
> >> is considered undesirable in certain environments due to the potential
> >> for supply-chain attack vectors and the lack of visibility for the LSM
> >> subsystem.  Additionally, it is impossible to verify the code
> >> performing the signature verification, as it is uniquely regenerated
> >> for every program.
> >>
> >> 2. Timing of Signature Check
> >>
> >> This patchset moves the signature check to a point before
> >> security_bpf_prog_load is invoked, due to an unresolved discussion
> >> here:
> >> https://lore.kernel.org/linux-security-module/CAHC9VhTj3=ZXgrYMNA+G64zsOyZO+78uDs1g=kh91=GR5KypYg@mail.gmail.com/
> >> This change allows the LSM subsystem to be informed of the signature
> >> verification result—if it occurred—and the method used, all without
> >> introducing a new hook. It improves visibility and auditability,
> >> reducing the “trust me, friend” aspect of the original design.
> >>
> >>
> >> Blaise Boscaccy (3):
> >>   bpf: Add bpf_check_signature
> >>   bpf: Support light-skeleton signatures in autogenerated code
> >>   bpftool: Allow signing of light-skeleton programs
> >>
> >>  include/linux/bpf.h            |   2 +
> >>  include/linux/verification.h   |   1 +
> >>  include/uapi/linux/bpf.h       |   4 +
> >>  kernel/bpf/arraymap.c          |  11 +-
> >>  kernel/bpf/syscall.c           | 123 +++++++++++++++++++-
> >>  tools/bpf/bpftool/Makefile     |   4 +-
> >>  tools/bpf/bpftool/common.c     | 204 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> >>  tools/bpf/bpftool/gen.c        |  66 ++++++++++-
> >>  tools/bpf/bpftool/main.c       |  24 +++-
> >>  tools/bpf/bpftool/main.h       |  23 ++++
> >>  tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h |   4 +
> >>  tools/lib/bpf/libbpf.h         |   4 +
> >>  tools/lib/bpf/skel_internal.h  |  28 ++++-
> >>  13 files changed, 491 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
> >>
> >> --
> >> 2.48.1
> >>