[PATCH v3 11/12] bpftool: Add support for signing BPF programs

Blaise Boscaccy bboscaccy at linux.microsoft.com
Thu Aug 14 16:50:55 UTC 2025


KP Singh <kpsingh at kernel.org> writes:

> Two modes of operation being added:
>
> Add two modes of operation:
>
> * For prog load, allow signing a program immediately before loading. This
>   is essential for command-line testing and administration.
>
>       bpftool prog load -S -k <private_key> -i <identity_cert> fentry_test.bpf.o
>
> * For gen skeleton, embed a pre-generated signature into the C skeleton
>   file. This supports the use of signed programs in compiled applications.
>
>       bpftool gen skeleton -S -k <private_key> -i <identity_cert> fentry_test.bpf.o
>
> Generation of the loader program and its metadata map is implemented in
> libbpf (bpf_obj__gen_loader). bpftool generates a skeleton that loads
> the program and automates the required steps: freezing the map, creating
> an exclusive map, loading, and running. Users can use standard libbpf
> APIs directly or integrate loader program generation into their own
> toolchains.
>
> Signed-off-by: KP Singh <kpsingh at kernel.org>
> ---
>  .../bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-gen.rst |  16 +-
>  .../bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-prog.rst    |  18 +-
>  tools/bpf/bpftool/Makefile                    |   6 +-
>  tools/bpf/bpftool/cgroup.c                    |   4 +
>  tools/bpf/bpftool/gen.c                       |  60 ++++-
>  tools/bpf/bpftool/main.c                      |  26 ++-
>  tools/bpf/bpftool/main.h                      |  11 +
>  tools/bpf/bpftool/prog.c                      |  27 ++-
>  tools/bpf/bpftool/sign.c                      | 212 ++++++++++++++++++
>  9 files changed, 367 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
>  create mode 100644 tools/bpf/bpftool/sign.c
>
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-gen.rst b/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-gen.rst
> index ca860fd97d8d..cef469d758ed 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-gen.rst
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-gen.rst
> @@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
>  
>  **bpftool** [*OPTIONS*] **gen** *COMMAND*
>  
> -*OPTIONS* := { |COMMON_OPTIONS| | { **-L** | **--use-loader** } }
> +*OPTIONS* := { |COMMON_OPTIONS| [ { **-L** | **--use-loader** } ]
> +[ { { **-S** | **--sign** } **-k** <private_key.pem> **-i** <certificate.x509> } ] }}
>  
>  *COMMAND* := { **object** | **skeleton** | **help** }
>  
> @@ -186,6 +187,19 @@ OPTIONS
>      skeleton). A light skeleton contains a loader eBPF program. It does not use
>      the majority of the libbpf infrastructure, and does not need libelf.
>  
> +-S, --sign
> +    For skeletons, generate a signed skeleton. This option must be used with
> +    **-k** and **-i**. Using this flag implicitly enables **--use-loader**.
> +    See the "Signed Skeletons" section in the description of the
> +    **gen skeleton** command for more details.
> +
> +-k <private_key.pem>
> +    Path to the private key file in PEM format, required for signing.
> +
> +-i <certificate.x509>
> +    Path to the X.509 certificate file in PEM or DER format, required for
> +    signing.
> +
>  EXAMPLES
>  ========
>  **$ cat example1.bpf.c**
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-prog.rst b/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-prog.rst
> index f69fd92df8d8..55b812761df2 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-prog.rst
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/Documentation/bpftool-prog.rst
> @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ SYNOPSIS
>  
>  **bpftool** [*OPTIONS*] **prog** *COMMAND*
>  
> -*OPTIONS* := { |COMMON_OPTIONS| |
> -{ **-f** | **--bpffs** } | { **-m** | **--mapcompat** } | { **-n** | **--nomount** } |
> -{ **-L** | **--use-loader** } }
> +*OPTIONS* := { |COMMON_OPTIONS| [ { **-f** | **--bpffs** } ] [ { **-m** | **--mapcompat** } ]
> +[ { **-n** | **--nomount** } ] [ { **-L** | **--use-loader** } ]
> +[ { { **-S** | **--sign** } **-k** <private_key.pem> **-i** <certificate.x509> } ] }
>  
>  *COMMANDS* :=
>  { **show** | **list** | **dump xlated** | **dump jited** | **pin** | **load** |
> @@ -248,6 +248,18 @@ OPTIONS
>      creating the maps, and loading the programs (see **bpftool prog tracelog**
>      as a way to dump those messages).
>  
> +-S, --sign
> +    Enable signing of the BPF program before loading. This option must be
> +    used with **-k** and **-i**. Using this flag implicitly enables
> +    **--use-loader**.
> +
> +-k <private_key.pem>
> +    Path to the private key file in PEM format, required when signing.
> +
> +-i <certificate.x509>
> +    Path to the X.509 certificate file in PEM or DER format, required when
> +    signing.
> +
>  EXAMPLES
>  ========
>  **# bpftool prog show**
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/Makefile b/tools/bpf/bpftool/Makefile
> index 9e9a5f006cd2..586d1b2595d1 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/Makefile
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/Makefile
> @@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ include $(FEATURES_DUMP)
>  endif
>  endif
>  
> -LIBS = $(LIBBPF) -lelf -lz
> -LIBS_BOOTSTRAP = $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP) -lelf -lz
> +LIBS = $(LIBBPF) -lelf -lz -lcrypto
> +LIBS_BOOTSTRAP = $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP) -lelf -lz -lcrypto
>  
>  ifeq ($(feature-libelf-zstd),1)
>  LIBS += -lzstd
> @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ endif
>  
>  BPFTOOL_BOOTSTRAP := $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT)bpftool
>  
> -BOOTSTRAP_OBJS = $(addprefix $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT),main.o common.o json_writer.o gen.o btf.o)
> +BOOTSTRAP_OBJS = $(addprefix $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT),main.o common.o json_writer.o gen.o btf.o sign.o)
>  $(BOOTSTRAP_OBJS): $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP)
>  
>  OBJS = $(patsubst %.c,$(OUTPUT)%.o,$(SRCS)) $(OUTPUT)disasm.o
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/cgroup.c b/tools/bpf/bpftool/cgroup.c
> index 944ebe21a216..ec356deb27c9 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/cgroup.c
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/cgroup.c
> @@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
>  // Copyright (C) 2017 Facebook
>  // Author: Roman Gushchin <guro at fb.com>
>  
> +#undef GCC_VERSION
> +#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
> +#define _GNU_SOURCE
> +#endif
>  #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500
>  #include <errno.h>
>  #include <fcntl.h>
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/gen.c b/tools/bpf/bpftool/gen.c
> index 67a60114368f..427468c9e9c2 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/gen.c
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/gen.c
> @@ -688,10 +688,17 @@ static void codegen_destroy(struct bpf_object *obj, const char *obj_name)
>  static int gen_trace(struct bpf_object *obj, const char *obj_name, const char *header_guard)
>  {
>  	DECLARE_LIBBPF_OPTS(gen_loader_opts, opts);
> +	struct bpf_load_and_run_opts sopts = {};
> +	char sig_buf[MAX_SIG_SIZE];
> +	__u8 prog_sha[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
>  	struct bpf_map *map;
> +
>  	char ident[256];
>  	int err = 0;
>  
> +	if (sign_progs)
> +		opts.gen_hash = true;
> +
>  	err = bpf_object__gen_loader(obj, &opts);
>  	if (err)
>  		return err;
> @@ -701,6 +708,7 @@ static int gen_trace(struct bpf_object *obj, const char *obj_name, const char *h
>  		p_err("failed to load object file");
>  		goto out;
>  	}
> +
>  	/* If there was no error during load then gen_loader_opts
>  	 * are populated with the loader program.
>  	 */
> @@ -780,8 +788,51 @@ static int gen_trace(struct bpf_object *obj, const char *obj_name, const char *h
>  	print_hex(opts.insns, opts.insns_sz);
>  	codegen("\
>  		\n\
> -		\";							    \n\
> -									    \n\
> +		\";\n");
> +
> +	if (sign_progs) {
> +		sopts.insns = opts.insns;
> +		sopts.insns_sz = opts.insns_sz;
> +		sopts.excl_prog_hash = prog_sha;
> +		sopts.excl_prog_hash_sz = sizeof(prog_sha);
> +		sopts.signature = sig_buf;
> +		sopts.signature_sz = MAX_SIG_SIZE;
> +		sopts.keyring_id = KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING;
> +

This still has the session keyring hardcoded. 

> +		err = bpftool_prog_sign(&sopts);
> +		if (err < 0)
> +			return err;
> +
> +		codegen("\
> +		\n\
> +			static const char opts_sig[] __attribute__((__aligned__(8))) = \"\\\n\
> +		");
> +		print_hex((const void *)sig_buf, sopts.signature_sz);
> +		codegen("\
> +		\n\
> +		\";\n");
> +
> +		codegen("\
> +		\n\
> +			static const char opts_excl_hash[] __attribute__((__aligned__(8))) = \"\\\n\
> +		");
> +		print_hex((const void *)prog_sha, sizeof(prog_sha));
> +		codegen("\
> +		\n\
> +		\";\n");
> +
> +		codegen("\
> +		\n\
> +			opts.signature = (void *)opts_sig;			\n\
> +			opts.signature_sz = sizeof(opts_sig) - 1;		\n\
> +			opts.excl_prog_hash = (void *)opts_excl_hash;		\n\
> +			opts.excl_prog_hash_sz = sizeof(opts_excl_hash) - 1;	\n\
> +			opts.keyring_id = KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING;		\n\
> +		");

And here.

> +	}
> +
> +	codegen("\
> +		\n\
>  			opts.ctx = (struct bpf_loader_ctx *)skel;	    \n\
>  			opts.data_sz = sizeof(opts_data) - 1;		    \n\
>  			opts.data = (void *)opts_data;			    \n\
> @@ -1240,7 +1291,7 @@ static int do_skeleton(int argc, char **argv)
>  		err = -errno;
>  		libbpf_strerror(err, err_buf, sizeof(err_buf));
>  		p_err("failed to open BPF object file: %s", err_buf);
> -		goto out;
> +		goto out_obj;
>  	}
>  
>  	bpf_object__for_each_map(map, obj) {
> @@ -1552,6 +1603,7 @@ static int do_skeleton(int argc, char **argv)
>  	err = 0;
>  out:
>  	bpf_object__close(obj);
> +out_obj:
>  	if (obj_data)
>  		munmap(obj_data, mmap_sz);
>  	close(fd);
> @@ -1930,7 +1982,7 @@ static int do_help(int argc, char **argv)
>  		"       %1$s %2$s help\n"
>  		"\n"
>  		"       " HELP_SPEC_OPTIONS " |\n"
> -		"                    {-L|--use-loader} }\n"
> +		"                    {-L|--use-loader} | [ {-S|--sign } {-k} <private_key.pem> {-i} <certificate.x509> ]}\n"
>  		"",
>  		bin_name, "gen");
>  
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.c b/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.c
> index 0f1183b2ed0a..c78eb80b9c94 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.c
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.c
> @@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ bool relaxed_maps;
>  bool use_loader;
>  struct btf *base_btf;
>  struct hashmap *refs_table;
> +bool sign_progs;
> +const char *private_key_path;
> +const char *cert_path;
>  
>  static void __noreturn clean_and_exit(int i)
>  {
> @@ -448,6 +451,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
>  		{ "nomount",	no_argument,	NULL,	'n' },
>  		{ "debug",	no_argument,	NULL,	'd' },
>  		{ "use-loader",	no_argument,	NULL,	'L' },
> +		{ "sign",	no_argument,	NULL,	'S' },
>  		{ "base-btf",	required_argument, NULL, 'B' },
>  		{ 0 }
>  	};
> @@ -474,7 +478,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
>  	bin_name = "bpftool";
>  
>  	opterr = 0;
> -	while ((opt = getopt_long(argc, argv, "VhpjfLmndB:l",
> +	while ((opt = getopt_long(argc, argv, "VhpjfLmndSi:k:B:l",
>  				  options, NULL)) >= 0) {
>  		switch (opt) {
>  		case 'V':
> @@ -520,6 +524,16 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
>  		case 'L':
>  			use_loader = true;
>  			break;
> +		case 'S':
> +			sign_progs = true;
> +			use_loader = true;
> +			break;
> +		case 'k':
> +			private_key_path = optarg;
> +			break;
> +		case 'i':
> +			cert_path = optarg;
> +			break;
>  		default:
>  			p_err("unrecognized option '%s'", argv[optind - 1]);
>  			if (json_output)
> @@ -534,6 +548,16 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
>  	if (argc < 0)
>  		usage();
>  
> +	if (sign_progs && (private_key_path == NULL || cert_path == NULL)) {
> +		p_err("-i <identity_x509_cert> and -k <private> key must be supplied with -S for signing");
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (!sign_progs && (private_key_path != NULL || cert_path != NULL)) {
> +		p_err("-i <identity_x509_cert> and -k <private> also need --sign to be used for sign programs");
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +	}
> +
>  	if (version_requested)
>  		ret = do_version(argc, argv);
>  	else
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.h b/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.h
> index a2bb0714b3d6..f7f5b39b66c8 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.h
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/main.h
> @@ -6,9 +6,14 @@
>  
>  /* BFD and kernel.h both define GCC_VERSION, differently */
>  #undef GCC_VERSION
> +#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
> +#define _GNU_SOURCE
> +#endif
>  #include <stdbool.h>
>  #include <stdio.h>
> +#include <errno.h>
>  #include <stdlib.h>
> +#include <bpf/skel_internal.h>
>  #include <linux/bpf.h>
>  #include <linux/compiler.h>
>  #include <linux/kernel.h>
> @@ -52,6 +57,7 @@ static inline void *u64_to_ptr(__u64 ptr)
>  	})
>  
>  #define ERR_MAX_LEN	1024
> +#define MAX_SIG_SIZE	4096
>  
>  #define BPF_TAG_FMT	"%02hhx%02hhx%02hhx%02hhx%02hhx%02hhx%02hhx%02hhx"
>  
> @@ -85,6 +91,9 @@ extern bool relaxed_maps;
>  extern bool use_loader;
>  extern struct btf *base_btf;
>  extern struct hashmap *refs_table;
> +extern bool sign_progs;
> +extern const char *private_key_path;
> +extern const char *cert_path;
>  
>  void __printf(1, 2) p_err(const char *fmt, ...);
>  void __printf(1, 2) p_info(const char *fmt, ...);
> @@ -275,4 +284,6 @@ int pathname_concat(char *buf, int buf_sz, const char *path,
>  /* print netfilter bpf_link info */
>  void netfilter_dump_plain(const struct bpf_link_info *info);
>  void netfilter_dump_json(const struct bpf_link_info *info, json_writer_t *wtr);
> +int bpftool_prog_sign(struct bpf_load_and_run_opts *opts);
> +__u32 register_session_key(const char *key_der_path);
>  #endif
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/prog.c b/tools/bpf/bpftool/prog.c
> index 9722d841abc0..82b8da084504 100644
> --- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/prog.c
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/prog.c
> @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
>  #include <linux/err.h>
>  #include <linux/perf_event.h>
>  #include <linux/sizes.h>
> +#include <linux/keyctl.h>
>  
>  #include <bpf/bpf.h>
>  #include <bpf/btf.h>
> @@ -1930,6 +1931,8 @@ static int try_loader(struct gen_loader_opts *gen)
>  {
>  	struct bpf_load_and_run_opts opts = {};
>  	struct bpf_loader_ctx *ctx;
> +	char sig_buf[MAX_SIG_SIZE];
> +	__u8 prog_sha[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
>  	int ctx_sz = sizeof(*ctx) + 64 * max(sizeof(struct bpf_map_desc),
>  					     sizeof(struct bpf_prog_desc));
>  	int log_buf_sz = (1u << 24) - 1;
> @@ -1953,6 +1956,24 @@ static int try_loader(struct gen_loader_opts *gen)
>  	opts.insns = gen->insns;
>  	opts.insns_sz = gen->insns_sz;
>  	fds_before = count_open_fds();
> +
> +	if (sign_progs) {
> +		opts.excl_prog_hash = prog_sha;
> +		opts.excl_prog_hash_sz = sizeof(prog_sha);
> +		opts.signature = sig_buf;
> +		opts.signature_sz = MAX_SIG_SIZE;
> +		opts.keyring_id = KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING;
> +

And here as well. 

> +		err = bpftool_prog_sign(&opts);
> +		if (err < 0)
> +			return err;
> +
> +		err = register_session_key(cert_path);
> +		if (err < 0) {
> +			p_err("failed to add session key");
> +			goto out;
> +		}
> +	}
>  	err = bpf_load_and_run(&opts);
>  	fd_delta = count_open_fds() - fds_before;
>  	if (err < 0 || verifier_logs) {
> @@ -1961,6 +1982,7 @@ static int try_loader(struct gen_loader_opts *gen)
>  			fprintf(stderr, "loader prog leaked %d FDs\n",
>  				fd_delta);
>  	}
> +out:
>  	free(log_buf);
>  	return err;
>  }
> @@ -1988,6 +2010,9 @@ static int do_loader(int argc, char **argv)
>  		goto err_close_obj;
>  	}
>  
> +	if (sign_progs)
> +		gen.gen_hash = true;
> +
>  	err = bpf_object__gen_loader(obj, &gen);
>  	if (err)
>  		goto err_close_obj;
> @@ -2562,7 +2587,7 @@ static int do_help(int argc, char **argv)
>  		"       METRIC := { cycles | instructions | l1d_loads | llc_misses | itlb_misses | dtlb_misses }\n"
>  		"       " HELP_SPEC_OPTIONS " |\n"
>  		"                    {-f|--bpffs} | {-m|--mapcompat} | {-n|--nomount} |\n"
> -		"                    {-L|--use-loader} }\n"
> +		"                    {-L|--use-loader} | [ {-S|--sign } {-k} <private_key.pem> {-i} <certificate.x509> ] \n"
>  		"",
>  		bin_name, argv[-2]);
>  
> diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/sign.c b/tools/bpf/bpftool/sign.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..b29d825bb1d4
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/sign.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-only OR BSD-2-Clause)
> +/*
> + * Copyright (C) 2025 Google LLC.
> + */
> +
> +#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
> +#define _GNU_SOURCE
> +#endif
> +#include <stdio.h>
> +#include <stdlib.h>
> +#include <stdint.h>
> +#include <stdbool.h>
> +#include <string.h>
> +#include <string.h>
> +#include <getopt.h>
> +#include <err.h>
> +#include <openssl/opensslv.h>
> +#include <openssl/bio.h>
> +#include <openssl/evp.h>
> +#include <openssl/pem.h>
> +#include <openssl/err.h>
> +#include <openssl/cms.h>
> +#include <linux/keyctl.h>
> +#include <errno.h>
> +
> +#include <bpf/skel_internal.h>
> +
> +#include "main.h"
> +
> +#define OPEN_SSL_ERR_BUF_LEN 256
> +
> +static void display_openssl_errors(int l)
> +{
> +	char buf[OPEN_SSL_ERR_BUF_LEN];
> +	const char *file;
> +	const char *data;
> +	unsigned long e;
> +	int flags;
> +	int line;
> +
> +	while ((e = ERR_get_error_all(&file, &line, NULL, &data, &flags))) {
> +		ERR_error_string_n(e, buf, sizeof(buf));
> +		if (data && (flags & ERR_TXT_STRING)) {
> +			p_err("OpenSSL %s: %s:%d: %s", buf, file, line, data);
> +		} else {
> +			p_err("OpenSSL %s: %s:%d", buf, file, line);
> +		}
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +#define DISPLAY_OSSL_ERR(cond)				 \
> +	do {						 \
> +		bool __cond = (cond);			 \
> +		if (__cond && ERR_peek_error())		 \
> +			display_openssl_errors(__LINE__);\
> +	} while (0)
> +
> +static EVP_PKEY *read_private_key(const char *pkey_path)
> +{
> +	EVP_PKEY *private_key = NULL;
> +	BIO *b;
> +
> +	b = BIO_new_file(pkey_path, "rb");
> +	private_key = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(b, NULL, NULL, NULL);
> +	BIO_free(b);
> +	DISPLAY_OSSL_ERR(!private_key);
> +	return private_key;
> +}
> +
> +static X509 *read_x509(const char *x509_name)
> +{
> +	unsigned char buf[2];
> +	X509 *x509 = NULL;
> +	BIO *b;
> +	int n;
> +
> +	b = BIO_new_file(x509_name, "rb");
> +	if (!b)
> +		goto cleanup;
> +
> +	/* Look at the first two bytes of the file to determine the encoding */
> +	n = BIO_read(b, buf, 2);
> +	if (n != 2)
> +		goto cleanup;
> +
> +	if (BIO_reset(b) != 0)
> +		goto cleanup;
> +
> +	if (buf[0] == 0x30 && buf[1] >= 0x81 && buf[1] <= 0x84)
> +		/* Assume raw DER encoded X.509 */
> +		x509 = d2i_X509_bio(b, NULL);
> +	else
> +		/* Assume PEM encoded X.509 */
> +		x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(b, NULL, NULL, NULL);
> +
> +cleanup:
> +	BIO_free(b);
> +	DISPLAY_OSSL_ERR(!x509);
> +	return x509;
> +}
> +
> +__u32 register_session_key(const char *key_der_path)
> +{
> +	unsigned char *der_buf = NULL;
> +	X509 *x509 = NULL;
> +	int key_id = -1;
> +	int der_len;
> +
> +	if (!key_der_path)
> +		return key_id;
> +	x509 = read_x509(key_der_path);
> +	if (!x509)
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	der_len = i2d_X509(x509, &der_buf);
> +	if (der_len < 0)
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	key_id = syscall(__NR_add_key, "asymmetric", key_der_path, der_buf,
> +			     (size_t)der_len, KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING);
> +cleanup:
> +	X509_free(x509);
> +	OPENSSL_free(der_buf);
> +	DISPLAY_OSSL_ERR(key_id == -1);
> +	return key_id;
> +}
> +
> +int bpftool_prog_sign(struct bpf_load_and_run_opts *opts)
> +{
> +	BIO *bd_in = NULL, *bd_out = NULL;
> +	EVP_PKEY *private_key = NULL;
> +	CMS_ContentInfo *cms = NULL;
> +	long actual_sig_len = 0;
> +	X509 *x509 = NULL;
> +	int err = 0;
> +
> +	bd_in = BIO_new_mem_buf(opts->insns, opts->insns_sz);
> +	if (!bd_in) {
> +		err = -ENOMEM;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	private_key = read_private_key(private_key_path);
> +	if (!private_key) {
> +		err = -EINVAL;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	x509 = read_x509(cert_path);
> +	if (!x509) {
> +		err = -EINVAL;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	cms = CMS_sign(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
> +		       CMS_NOCERTS | CMS_PARTIAL | CMS_BINARY | CMS_DETACHED |
> +			       CMS_STREAM);
> +	if (!cms) {
> +		err = -EINVAL;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (!CMS_add1_signer(cms, x509, private_key, EVP_sha256(),
> +			     CMS_NOCERTS | CMS_BINARY | CMS_NOSMIMECAP |
> +			     CMS_USE_KEYID | CMS_NOATTR)) {
> +		err = -EINVAL;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (CMS_final(cms, bd_in, NULL, CMS_NOCERTS | CMS_BINARY) != 1) {
> +		err = -EIO;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	EVP_Digest(opts->insns, opts->insns_sz, opts->excl_prog_hash,
> +		   &opts->excl_prog_hash_sz, EVP_sha256(), NULL);
> +
> +		bd_out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
> +	if (!bd_out) {
> +		err = -ENOMEM;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (!i2d_CMS_bio_stream(bd_out, cms, NULL, 0)) {
> +		err = -EIO;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	actual_sig_len = BIO_get_mem_data(bd_out, NULL);
> +	if (actual_sig_len <= 0) {
> +		err = -EIO;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	if ((size_t)actual_sig_len > opts->signature_sz) {
> +		err = -ENOSPC;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (BIO_read(bd_out, opts->signature, actual_sig_len) != actual_sig_len) {
> +		err = -EIO;
> +		goto cleanup;
> +	}
> +
> +	opts->signature_sz = actual_sig_len;
> +cleanup:
> +	BIO_free(bd_out);
> +	CMS_ContentInfo_free(cms);
> +	X509_free(x509);
> +	EVP_PKEY_free(private_key);
> +	BIO_free(bd_in);
> +	DISPLAY_OSSL_ERR(err < 0);
> +	return err;
> +}
> -- 
> 2.43.0



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