[PATCH v2 4/4] bpf, lsm: Allow editing capabilities in BPF-LSM hooks

[Paul Moore]

On Tue, Jun 11, 2024 at 6:15 PM Jonathan Calmels <jcalmels at 3xx0.net> wrote:
> On Tue, Jun 11, 2024 at 03:01:01PM GMT, Paul Moore wrote:
> > On Tue, Jun 11, 2024 at 6:32 AM John Johansen
> > <john.johansen at canonical.com> wrote:
> > >
> > > On 6/11/24 01:09, Jonathan Calmels wrote:
> > > > On Sun, Jun 09, 2024 at 08:18:48PM GMT, Paul Moore wrote:
> > > >> On Sun, Jun 9, 2024 at 6:40 AM Jonathan Calmels <jcalmels at 3xx0.net> wrote:
> > > >>>
> > > >>> This patch allows modifying the various capabilities of the struct cred
> > > >>> in BPF-LSM hooks. More specifically, the userns_create hook called
> > > >>> prior to creating a new user namespace.
> > > >>>
> > > >>> With the introduction of userns capabilities, this effectively provides
> > > >>> a simple way for LSMs to control the capabilities granted to a user
> > > >>> namespace and all its descendants.
> > > >>>
> > > >>> Update the selftests accordingly by dropping CAP_SYS_ADMIN in
> > > >>> namespaces and checking the resulting task's bounding set.
> > > >>>
> > > >>> Signed-off-by: Jonathan Calmels <jcalmels at 3xx0.net>
> > > >>> ---
> > > >>>   include/linux/lsm_hook_defs.h                 |  2 +-
> > > >>>   include/linux/security.h                      |  4 +-
> > > >>>   kernel/bpf/bpf_lsm.c                          | 55 +++++++++++++++++++
> > > >>>   security/apparmor/lsm.c                       |  2 +-
> > > >>>   security/security.c                           |  6 +-
> > > >>>   security/selinux/hooks.c                      |  2 +-
> > > >>>   .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/deny_namespace.c | 12 ++--
> > > >>>   .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_deny_namespace.c |  7 ++-
> > > >>>   8 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
> > > >>
> > > >> I'm not sure we want to go down the path of a LSM modifying the POSIX
> > > >> capabilities of a task, other than the capabilities/commoncap LSM.  It
> > > >> sets a bad precedent and could further complicate issues around LSM
> > > >> ordering.
> > > >
> > > > Well unless I'm misunderstanding, this does allow modifying the
> > > > capabilities/commoncap LSM through BTF. The reason for allowing
> > > > `userns_create` to be modified is that it is functionally very similar
> > > > to `cred_prepare` in that it operates with new creds (but specific to
> > > > user namespaces because of reasons detailed in [1]).
> > >
> > > yes
> > >
> > > > There were some concerns in previous threads that the userns caps by
> > > > themselves wouldn't be granular enough, hence the LSM integration.
> > >
> > > > Ubuntu for example, currently has to resort to a hardcoded profile
> > > > transition to achieve this [2].
> > > >
> > >
> > > The hard coded profile transition, is because the more generic solution
> > > as part of policy just wasn't ready. The hard coding will go away before
> > > it is upstreamed.
> > >
> > > But yes, updating the cred really is necessary for the flexibility needed
> > > whether it is modifying the POSIX capabilities of the task or the LSM
> > > modifying its own security blob.
> > >
> > > I do share some of Paul's concerns about the LSM modifying the POSIX
> > > capabilities of the task, but also thing the LSM here needs to be
> > > able to modify its own blob.
> >
> > To be clear, this isn't about a generic LSM needing to update its own
> > blob (LSM state), it is about the BPF LSM updating the capability
> > sets.  While we obviously must support a LSM updating its own state,
> > I'm currently of the opinion that allowing one LSM to update the state
> > of another LSM is only going to lead to problems.  We wouldn't want to
> > allow Smack to update AppArmor state, and from my current perspective
> > allowing the BPF LSM to update the capability state is no different.
> >
> > It's also important to keep in mind that if we allow one LSM to do
> > something, we need to allow all LSMs to do something.  If we allow
> > multiple LSMs to manipulate the capability sets, how do we reconcile
> > differences in the desired capability state?  Does that resolution
> > change depending on what LSMs are enabled at build time?  Enabled at
> > boot?  Similarly, what about custom LSM ordering?
> >
> > What about those LSMs that use a task's capabilities as an input to an
> > access control decision?  If those LSMs allow an access based on a
> > given capability set only to have a LSM later in the ordering modify
> > that capability set to something which would have resulted in an
> > access denial, do we risk a security regression?
>
> I understand the concerns, what I fail to understand however, is how is
> it any different from say the `cred_prepare` hook today?

The existing cred_prepare hooks only operate on their own small
portion of the cred::security blob.  What you are proposing would be
the BPF LSM operating on the capability sets that it does not "own"
(they belong to the capability LSM).

If you see that as a minor difference, please understand that if you
skip past that you have all the issues I mentioned in my previous
message to deal with.

> > Our current approach to handling multiple LSMs is that each LSM is
> > limited to modifying its own state, and I'm pretty confident that we
> > stick to this model if we have any hope of preserving the sanity of
> > the LSM layer as a whole.  If you want to modify the capability set
> > you need to do so within the confines of the capability LSM and/or
> > modify the other related kernel subsystems (which I'm guessing will
> > likely necessitate a change in the LSMs, but that avenue is very
> > unclear if such an option even exists).
>
> What do you mean by "within the confines of the capability LSM" here?

Basically security/commoncap.c.  One could make a lot of arguments
about if it is, or isn't, a LSM, but commoncap.c registers LSM hooks
which is pretty much the definition of a LSM from an implementation
point of view.

> Arguably, if we do want fine-grained userns policies, we need LSMs to
> influence the userns capset at some point.

One could always use, or develop, a LSM that offers additional
controls around exercising capabilities.  There are currently four
in-tree LSMs, including the capabilities LSM, which supply a
security_capable() hook that is used by the capability-based access
controls in the kernel; all of these hook implementations work
together within the LSM framework and provide an additional level of
control/granularity beyond the existing capabilities.

-- 
paul-moore.com