[PATCH bpf-next] bpf, capabilities: introduce CAP_BPF

[Alexei Starovoitov]

On Tue, Aug 27, 2019 at 04:01:08PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote:
> [adding some security and tracing folks to cc]
> 
> On Tue, Aug 27, 2019 at 1:52 PM Alexei Starovoitov <ast at kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > Introduce CAP_BPF that allows loading all types of BPF programs,
> > create most map types, load BTF, iterate programs and maps.
> > CAP_BPF alone is not enough to attach or run programs.
> >
> > Networking:
> >
> > CAP_BPF and CAP_NET_ADMIN are necessary to:
> > - attach to cgroup-bpf hooks like INET_INGRESS, INET_SOCK_CREATE, INET4_CONNECT
> > - run networking bpf programs (like xdp, skb, flow_dissector)
> >
> > Tracing:
> >
> > CAP_BPF and perf_paranoid_tracepoint_raw() (which is kernel.perf_event_paranoid == -1)
> > are necessary to:
> > - attach bpf program to raw tracepoint
> > - use bpf_trace_printk() in all program types (not only tracing programs)
> > - create bpf stackmap
> >
> > To attach bpf to perf_events perf_event_open() needs to succeed as usual.
> >
> > CAP_BPF controls BPF side.
> > CAP_NET_ADMIN controls intersection where BPF calls into networking.
> > perf_paranoid_tracepoint_raw controls intersection where BPF calls into tracing.
> >
> > In the future CAP_TRACING could be introduced to control
> > creation of kprobe/uprobe and attaching bpf to perf_events.
> > In such case bpf_probe_read() thin wrapper would be controlled by CAP_BPF.
> > Whereas probe_read() would be controlled by CAP_TRACING.
> > CAP_TRACING would also control generic kprobe+probe_read.
> > CAP_BPF and CAP_TRACING would be necessary for tracing bpf programs
> > that want to use bpf_probe_read.
> 
> First, some high-level review:
> 
> Can you write up some clear documentation aimed at administrators that
> says what CAP_BPF does?  For example, is it expected that CAP_BPF by
> itself permits reading all kernel memory?

hmm. the answer is in the sentence you quoted right above.

> Can you give at least one fully described use case where CAP_BPF
> solves a real-world problem that is not solved by existing mechanisms?

bpftrace binary would be installed with CAP_BPF and CAP_TRACING.
bcc tools would be installed with CAP_BPF and CAP_TRACING.
perf binary would be installed with CAP_TRACING only.
XDP networking daemon would be installed with CAP_BPF and CAP_NET_ADMIN.
None of them would need full root.

> Changing the capability that some existing operation requires could
> break existing programs.  The old capability may need to be accepted
> as well.

As far as I can see there is no ABI breakage. Please point out
which line of the patch may break it.

> I'm inclined to suggest that CAP_TRACING be figured out or rejected
> before something like this gets applied.

that's fair.

> 
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast at kernel.org>
> > ---
> > I would prefer to introduce CAP_TRACING soon, since it
> > will make tracing and networking permission model symmetrical.
> >
> 
> Here's my proposal for CAP_TRACING, documentation-style:
> 
> --- begin ---
> 
> CAP_TRACING enables a task to use various kernel features to trace
> running user programs and the kernel itself.  CAP_TRACING also enables
> a task to bypass some speculation attack countermeasures.  A task in
> the init user namespace with CAP_TRACING will be able to tell exactly
> what kernel code is executed and when, and will be able to read kernel
> registers and kernel memory.  It will, similarly, be able to read the
> state of other user tasks.
> 
> Specifically, CAP_TRACING allows the following operations.  It may
> allow more operations in the future:
> 
>  - Full use of perf_event_open(), similarly to the effect of
> kernel.perf_event_paranoid == -1.

+1

>  - Loading and attaching tracing BPF programs, including use of BPF
> raw tracepoints.

-1

>  - Use of BPF stack maps.

-1

>  - Use of bpf_probe_read() and bpf_trace_printk().

-1

>  - Use of unsafe pointer-to-integer conversions in BPF.

-1

>  - Bypassing of BPF's speculation attack hardening measures and
> constant blinding.  (Note: other mechanisms might also allow this.)

-1
All of the above are allowed by CAP_BPF.
They are not allowed by CAP_TRACING.

> CAP_TRACING does not override normal permissions on sysfs or debugfs.
> This means that, unless a new interface for programming kprobes and
> such is added, it does not directly allow use of kprobes.

kprobes can be created via perf_event_open already.
So above statement contradicts your first statement.

> If CAP_TRACING, by itself, enables a task to crash or otherwise
> corrupt the kernel or other tasks, this will be considered a kernel
> bug.

+1

> CAP_TRACING in a non-init user namespace may, in the future, allow
> tracing of other tasks in that user namespace or its descendants.  It
> will not enable kernel tracing or tracing of tasks outside the user
> namespace in question.

I would avoid describing user ns for now.
There is enough confusion without it.

> --- end ---
> 
> Does this sound good?  The idea here is that CAP_TRACING should be
> very useful even without CAP_BPF, which allows CAP_BPF to be less
> powerful.

As proposed CAP_BPF does not allow tracing or networking on its own.
CAP_BPF only controls BPF side.

For example:
BPF_CALL_3(bpf_probe_read, void *, dst, u32, size, const void *, unsafe_ptr)
{
        int ret;

        ret = probe_kernel_read(dst, unsafe_ptr, size);
        if (unlikely(ret < 0))
                memset(dst, 0, size);

        return ret;
}

All of BPF (including prototype of bpf_probe_read) is controlled by CAP_BPF.
But the kernel primitives its using (probe_kernel_read) is controlled by CAP_TRACING.
Hence a task needs _both_ CAP_BPF and CAP_TRACING to attach and run bpf program
that uses bpf_probe_read.

Similar with all other kernel code that BPF helpers may call directly or indirectly.
If there is a way for bpf program to call into piece of code controlled by CAP_TRACING
such helper would need CAP_BPF and CAP_TRACING.
If bpf helper calls into something that may mangle networking packet
such helper would need both CAP_BPF and CAP_NET_ADMIN to execute.

> > @@ -2080,7 +2083,10 @@ static int bpf_prog_test_run(const union bpf_attr *attr,
> >         struct bpf_prog *prog;
> >         int ret = -ENOTSUPP;
> >
> > -       if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
> > +       if (!capable(CAP_NET_ADMIN) || !capable(CAP_BPF))
> > +               /* test_run callback is available for networking progs only.
> > +                * Add cap_bpf_tracing() above when tracing progs become runable.
> > +                */
> 
> I think test_run should probably be CAP_SYS_ADMIN forever.  test_run
> is the only way that one can run a bpf program and call helper
> functions via the program if one doesn't have permission to attach the
> program.  

Since CAP_BPF + CAP_NET_ADMIN allow attach. It means that a task
with these two permissions will have programs running anyway.
(traffic will flow through netdev, socket events will happen, etc)
Hence no reason to disallow running program via test_run.